秸秆施入深度对土壤水分运移和水吸力变化的影响

为了研究秸秆还田下秸秆施入深度对土壤水分运移和水吸力变化的影响,通过室内模拟试验,对不同秸秆施入深度条件下土壤水分运移分布特性进行了模拟。玉米秸秆粉碎成<5 mm的小段且干燥放置,在秸秆施入深度内按干土重的1%配比均匀混施。设置无秸秆还田(CK)、秸秆施入深度15 cm(S15)、秸秆施入深度20 cm(S20)、秸秆施入深度25 cm(S25)、秸秆施入深度30 cm(S30)5个处理,并用微型张力计(T5)测定土壤水吸力值。结果表明:秸秆施入深度对土壤水分入渗特性有影响。随着秸秆施入深度的增加,土壤湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量减小;秸秆施入深度对湿润锋运移影响较明显;相同入渗深度下,含有秸秆土层的含水量比不含有秸秆土层的含水量明显增加。秸秆施入深度对土壤水吸力有重要影响,土壤水吸力的变化反映了土层中水分的变化,不同土层深度下,土壤水吸力的变化趋势大致相同。不同秸秆施入深度,导致各处理在同一土层深度下,土壤水吸力峰值和达到峰值的时间出现差异,秸秆施入深度越深,土壤水吸力的峰值相对较大,达到峰值的时间相对较长。     

Dynamic changes in American lobster suitable habitat distribution on the Northeast U.S. Shelf linked to oceanographic conditions

American lobster (Homarus americanus) supports one of the most valuable regional fisheries in the United States, with its abundance and distribution profoundly influenced by environmental conditions. To explain how lobster distribution has changed over time and assess the role of environmental variables on these changes, we used random forest classification and regression tree models to estimate occupancy and biomass in two seasonal periods. The occupancy models were fit to static and dynamic variables, which yielded model fits with AUC scores of 0.80 and 0.78 for spring and fall, respectively. Biomass models were fit with the same data and resulted in models explaining 61% and 63% of the spring and fall biomass variance, respectively. Significant variables scored in the formation of the regression trees were secondary productivity (i.e., zooplankton), bathymetry characteristics, and temperature. American lobster suitable habitat has changed regionally; habitat has increased in the Gulf of Maine and declined in Southern New England. There is also evidence of declining habitat along the inshore margin of the Gulf of Maine, which has been accompanied by a shift in occupancy probability offshore. Habitat suitability results from the random forest models provide insights on the structure and function of lobster habitat and context to understand recent population trends.     

Estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve from grain-size fractions

The development of a theoretical method for estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) is required for knowledge of the soil infiltration process. The aim of this study was to derive the theoretical functions to represent the wetting branch of the SWRC based on the Jensen method, and then compare the Jensen method and Kool & Parker (KP87) model for estimating the wetting branch of the SWRC. Fifteen soil samples with varying basic properties (e.g., grain-size distribution and bulk density (BD)) were selected from the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database (UNSODA) to test these two methods. Results showed that the Jensen method (root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.057 cm³ cm⁻³) produced a substantially better performance in predicting the wetting branch of the SWRC than the KP87 (RMSE = 0.089 cm³ cm⁻³) for the 15 samples. The range of the scaled mean bias error (SMBE) between the Jensen method-predicted and measured soil water contents at all pressure heads was −0.529 to 0.402. A positive linear relationship between the SMBE and silt content was observed for the Jensen method. The findings of this study have practical significance for simulating the soil infiltration in the unsaturated zone.     

负水头环境土壤水分湿润锋运移三维模拟

【目的】更加有效地控制土壤含水率,指导节水灌溉。【方法】采用负水头土壤水分湿润锋运移试验和Hydrus-3D三维土壤水分运移数值模型,研究了山西榆次砂土、壤土在负水头高度(0、-0.5、-1.0m)时的土壤水分湿润锋运移规律和模型的有效性。【结果】水分累积入渗量随着时间的增加逐渐增大,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系;湿润锋随着时间的增加逐渐向水平、垂直方向扩大,曲线呈1/4椭囿状,最大湿润距离与时间的平方根呈良好的线性关系;湿润锋入渗速度随着负水头高度的增加逐渐减小,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系。实测湿润锋包络面积与模型计算值的偏差,砂土为0.51%~7.21%,壤土为0.22%~16.03%。【结论】所建三维模型可以用于描述负水头环境下土壤水分湿润锋的运移特征,并用于预测各种条件改变下的湿润锋运移和含水率分布。     

干旱区膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分运移及累积特征研究

通过室内和田间结合试验,研究了不同滴头流量、灌溉制度、滴灌年限对土壤盐分运移及累积特征的影响.结果表明:相同灌水量下,滴头流量越小,单点处及交汇区在土壤垂直方向上盐分含量越小;在土壤水平方向,滴头流量越大,土壤盐分随着距离单点或交汇中心越远而逐渐增加.在相同湿润层次上,交汇区的盐分要高于单点处的盐分,单点处土壤脱盐深度...     

干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响

以两优培九和南粳9108为试验材料,自水稻移栽至成熟分别与无芒稗(T1)、稗(T2)、西来稗(T3)和光头稗(T4)共生,以无稗草水稻处理(CK)为对照,研究干湿交替灌溉条件下不同稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,稗草对水稻产量的干扰因稗草种和水稻品种的不同而异。稗草种间干扰强度表现为T3T1T2T4,两优培九减产率小于南粳9108。T1、T2、T3和T4处理后两优培九的减产幅度分别为11.16%~13.78%、10.19%~10.60%、19.00%~23.79%和0.50%~1.57%,除T4外其他处理较对照显著降低;南粳9108的减产幅度分别为38.44%~45.51%、31.29%~36.86%、54.88%~60.65%和8.28%~15.14%,均达显著差异。T1、T2和T3处理后对两优培九叶面积指数和叶绿体色素含量无显著影响,但使南粳9108的叶面积指数降低和叶绿体色素含量增加。4种处理还显著降低了水稻冠层的透光率、剑叶光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度以及干物质积累量。冠层透光率、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和成熟期干物质积累量降低以及灌浆期叶绿体色素含量不同程度增加可能是水稻产量降低的重要原因。     

干燥过程中木材温度的变化规律以及与含水率关系的研究

通过对高温和常规温度干燥过程中木材温度及含水率变化与分布的测定,研究木材温度变化的特点和木材温度与含水率的变化关系。分析自由水蒸发面移动、水分状态改变对温度变化的影响。在此基础上,探讨利用木材温度控制干燥过程的可能性和实施方法,     

Water productivity of contrasting rice genotypes grown under water-saving conditions in the tropics and investigation of morphological traits for adaptation

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation in lowland rice has been successfully implemented in farmers’ fields to reduce water input, and thereby increasing water productivity. Reported effects on grain yield were, however, contradictory: yield was reduced, maintained, or even increased when compared with continuously flooded (CF) conditions. This study was conducted in heavy clay soil to investigate yield variation among a range of genotypes grown under AWD and to determine some aboveground traits related to crop adaptation. The effect of AWD on grain yield, with a critical threshold of soil water potential for irrigation fixed at −30 kPa, varied among the 10 genotypes evaluated. Two adapted genotypes were identified with similar grain yield under CF and AWD in both experimental seasons. The grain yield of the aerobic-adapted cultivar included in the study was also maintained under AWD, however, its yield was comparatively low. The reduction in grain yield of the non-adapted genotypes ranged from 9 to 13% in the 2006 dry season and from 6 to 17% in the 2008 dry season. None of the yield components could explain by itself the variability in genotype response: in adapted genotypes, grain yield was maintained because of compensation from or maintenance of yield components, whereas, in non-adapted genotypes, grain yield reduction was not due to the decrease of one component only. Modified biomass partitioning appeared as a main driver for adaptation to AWD: adapted genotypes were characterized by larger sink size at flowering, and weaker stems and less unfilled grain number at maturity, suggesting an increase in the sink strength of the filling spikelets. The aboveground traits identified here will be of great help to further increase water productivity under the AWD strategies set up previously by IRRI water scientists.     

Utilizing rainfall and alternate wetting and drying irrigation for high water productivity in irrigated lowland paddy rice in southern Taiwan

Taiwan’s average annual rainfall is high compared to other countries around the world; however, it is considered a country with great demand for water resources. Rainfall along with alternate wetting and drying irrigation is proposed to minimize water demand and maximize water productivity for lowland paddy rice cultivation in southern Taiwan. A field experiment was conducted to determine the most suitable ponded water depth for enhancing water saving in paddy rice irrigation. Different ponded water depths treatments (T_2 cm, T_3 cm, T_4 cm and T_5 cm) were applied weekly from transplanting to early heading using a complete randomized block design with four replications. The highest rainwater productivity (2.07 kg/m³) was achieved in T_5 cm and the lowest in T_2 cm (1.62 kg/m³). The highest total water productivity, (0.75 kg/m³) and irrigation water productivity (1.40 kg/m³) was achieved in T_2 cm. The total amount of water saved in T_4 cm, T_3 cm and T_2 cm was 20, 40, and 60%, respectively. Weekly application of T_4 cm ponded water depth from transplanting to heading produced the lowest yield reduction (1.57%) and grain production loss (0.06 kg) having no significant impact on yield loss compared to T_5 cm. Thus, we assert that the weekly application of T_4 cm along with rainfall produced the best results for reducing lowland paddy rice irrigation water use and matching the required crop water.